• 1861 The American Civil War begins

The bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina marked the beginning of hostilities. The conflict was sparked by deepening economic, social, and political differences between the southern and northern states, which were most palpably embodied by the dispute about the legitimacy of slavery. The southern (pro-slavery) states, surrendered in 1865, ending the war.

• 1988 The Last Emperor receives nine Academy Awards

  Bernardo Bertolucci’s biopic about Puyi, the last Emperor of China, was the first film to be awarded all the Oscars it was nominated for.

• 1981 The Space Shuttle blasts off into space for the first time

  Two astronauts took off for Space Shuttle Columbia’s first orbital test flight.

• 1961 Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space

  The Soviet Cosmonaut orbited the Earth aboard the Vostok-3KA spacecraft (Vostok 1 mission). The first human spaceflight took 108 minutes from launch to landing.

• 1937 The first aircraft jet engine is successfully tested

  Sir Frank Whittle invented and tested the engine, only a few months before German engineer Hans von Ohain ran his jet engine, which was to power the first-ever all-jet aircraft.